Metaphysics

The article is devoted to presentation of fundamentals of the metarelational paradigm based on metaphysical principles and aimed at joining the principles of three dualistic physical paradigms in the context of the relational approach. The problems of utmost importance, solvable in the framework of the metarelational approach are shown. Among these are: evidence of spinor description of particles in quantum electrodynamics; an algebraic formulation of the atomic theory; revealing the sources of the origin of classical space-time concepts; a new approach to justification of types and the properties of elementary particles involved in strong interactions; the relational approach to atomic nuclei structure description; the description of going from a prototype to the present concepts of classical space-time; a dualistic relational interpretation of classical physics; an approach to the nature of gravitational interactions alternative to General Relativity.

We have developed the concept of a single and holistic reality, consisting of the interaction of realized and potential events through the spontaneous occurrence of information resonance, changing three entities at once, in six ways, but maintaining the amount of realized information. The repetition of information resonance, generating a new structure, forms a boundary for a complex system and increases memory in it. We described information resonance with a symmetry equation for three classes of dynamic variables. The repetition of information resonance satisfies the recurrent equation leading to the golden proportion. Mathematical operations already with the golden ratio made it possible to introduce algebraic fractals of the golden ratio, the properties of which satisfy the Pythagorean theorem, and on their basis to derive the natural series and Euclidean geometry, bringing science closer to understanding the physics of a living organism. Between various complex systems, their own informational, energetic and material interactions arise, leading to their natural selection for survival.

The history of the creation of a unified theory of electromagnetic and weak interactions (electroweak theory, also called the Weinberg-Salam theory), which is an essential part of the modern theory of elementary particles and fundamental interactions between them, called the standard model, is explored. The main turning points in this history are highlighted: the concept of non-Abelian gauge fields (Yang-Mills fields, 1954), the promotion of the idea of unifying electromagnetic and weak forces (1958-1959), the discovery of the global internal symmetry of electroweak interactions (1961, S. Glashow), the discovery of based on spontaneous symmetry breaking - the Higgs mechanism (1964), which made it possible to solve the problem of the mass of gauge particles (Weinberg-Salam theory, 1967). The metaphysical aspects of the theory and the process of its construction are considered, mainly related to the principle of symmetry and its various extensions and modifications.

In biological science, standards recognize the characteristics of living nature, which is an objective reality and directly observed by researchers in the past or present. The changing paradigm standards for the emergence and development of life were the following theories: preformationism (C. Bonnet), materialistic evolution (C. Darwin), biochemical evolution (A.I. Oparin - J.B.S. Haldane), “Michurin biology” (T.D. Lysenko) synthetic theory evolution (Darwinism + genetics). The following are approaching recognition as paradigms: “nomogenesis” by L.S. Berg as the natural nature of variability and the “theory of punctuated equilibrium” by N. Eldredge and S. Gould as the modern apotheosis of the diverse saltationism hypotheses - “leap-like evolution.” The authors, in 2003, proposed a comprehensive, scientific and apologetic approach to the theory of evolution, combining both materialistic and creation paradigms, putting forward the hypothesis of “creation-saltation preformationism.” 1) Organisms are created by God - creationism. 2) Created with a huge supply of genetic information - preformationism. 3) The transition of one group of organisms to another occurs in jumps, within the framework of genetic information, through the rapid deployment of this information under the influence of changes in the environment, both external and internal - saltationism. Each of the standards recognized at one time by paradigms was declared the ultimate truth, and its non-recognition was branded, at best, with the stamp of ignorance or obscurantism, at worst - with administrative and criminal prosecution. The philosophy of science is designed to help get rid of traditionalism; it is not obliged to be guided by the achievements of predecessors and can think in any original direction.

In order to clarify the concept of rationality, it is proposed to distinguish between the meaning of the word in a broad and narrow sense. Scientificity is understood as a fusion of rationality and logic. The science of modern times became possible after the abandonment of peripatetic ideals, focused on the search for final goal-setting, in favor of establishing an efficient cause. Science, based on classical rationality, studies and synthesizes only simple, mechanistic systems characterized by Laplace causality. Classical science perceives an empirical object in the form of a “black box”, functioning on the “stimulus - response” principle and is indifferent to both the nature and internal organization of the object of study. The transition of science to a non-classical type of rationality presupposes the involvement in the sphere of its interests of objects that have the form of a quantum of a complex system.